6 Steps on How to Dig a Well « fpabramo.org.br

Digging a well is a major undertaking, but it can be a rewarding experience. With proper planning and preparation, you can dig a well that will provide you with a source of clean water for years to come. Here are the steps you need to follow to dig a well:

First, you need to choose a location for your well. The best location is in an area with a high water table, such as a low-lying area or near a river or stream. You also need to make sure that the location is not too close to any potential sources of contamination, such as septic tanks or animal waste. Once you have chosen a location, you need to get a permit from your local government. The permit will allow you to dig the well and will also specify the requirements for the well, such as the depth and diameter.

Next, you need to dig the well. The first step is to dig a pilot hole, which is a small hole that will guide the drilling process. Once you have dug the pilot hole, you can start drilling the well. There are a variety of drilling methods that you can use, but the most common method is to use a rotary drill. A rotary drill uses a rotating bit to break up the rock and soil and bring it to the surface. The cuttings are then removed from the hole using a bailer or a pump. Once you have drilled the well to the desired depth, you need to install a well casing. The well casing is a pipe that protects the well from the surrounding rock and soil and prevents contamination of the water. The well casing is also used to support the pump that will bring the water to the surface. Finally, you need to install a well pump. The well pump will bring the water to the surface and deliver it to your home or business. There are a variety of well pumps available, so you need to choose one that is right for your needs.

Site Selection for Well Digging

Choosing the right location for your well is crucial for ensuring a safe and reliable water source. Here are some key factors to consider when selecting a site:

Ground Conditions

The type of soil and rock present on your property will determine the feasibility of digging a well. Alluvial soil, composed of loose sand and gravel, is ideal for well-digging, as it allows for easy water flow. Bedrock, on the other hand, presents a significant challenge and may require specialized drilling equipment.

Soil pH Level

The soil pH level should be considered as it can affect the quality of the water. Soils with a low pH (acidic) can leach metals and minerals into the water, while soils with a high pH (alkaline) can affect taste and cause scaling. Aim for soils with a neutral pH range (6.5-7.5).

Drainage and Topography

The drainage and topography of your land influence the potential for well contamination. Avoid areas prone to flooding or surface water accumulation. Sloped land may allow contaminants to seep into the well. Select a site with good drainage and minimal elevation changes.

Distance from Potential Contaminants

Identify nearby potential contaminants such as septic tanks, animal pens, or chemical storage areas. The distance between your well and these contaminants should be maximized to minimize the risk of contamination. Refer to local regulations for specific distances.

Existing Wells and Structures

Check for any existing wells or structures in the vicinity. Avoid drilling too close to existing wells, as it may interfere with their water supply. Also, be mindful of underground utilities, such as power lines and pipelines.

Tools and Equipment Required

Digging a well requires specialized tools and equipment to efficiently extract water from the ground. The following list provides a comprehensive overview of the essential items you will need for this project:

Digging Tools

Shovel: A sturdy shovel with a pointed tip for breaking through hard soil and clay.
Pickaxe: This tool has two ends, a pointed end for breaking rocks and a flat end for digging through soil.
Digging bar: A long, metal bar with a flat end for prying rocks and a pointed end for digging.
Post-hole digger: A mechanical or manual tool designed to dig narrow, deep holes for well casings.

Water Extraction Equipment

Well casing: A cylindrical pipe that lines the well to prevent collapse and contamination.
Well screen: A perforated section of the casing that allows water to enter the well while keeping out sediment.
Well pump: A device that lifts water from the well to the surface, such as a submersible or jet pump.
Pressure tank: A vessel that stores pressurized water for distribution throughout the property.

Measuring and Safety Gear

Water level meter: A device used to determine the depth of water in the well.
Tape measure: For measuring depths and distances during construction.
Safety glasses: To protect eyes from flying debris and chemicals.
Gloves: To protect hands from blisters and abrasions.

In addition to these essential tools, you may also need additional equipment based on the specific conditions of your well site. These could include a generator for power, a tripod for lifting heavy materials, or a pump saver to protect the pump from damage.

Establishing the Well Head

The well head is the point of access to the well. It is important to establish a well head that is both secure and accessible. Here are the steps on how to establish a well head:

1. Choose a location for the well head. The location should be accessible, but not in a high-traffic area. It should also be away from any potential sources of contamination, such as septic tanks or animal pens.

2. Excavate a hole for the well head. The hole should be large enough to accommodate the well head and casing. The depth of the hole will vary depending on the depth of the well.

3. Install the well head. The well head should be made of a durable material, such as concrete or metal. It should have a cap that can be sealed to prevent contamination.

Material	Advantages	Disadvantages
Concrete	Durable, inexpensive	Heavy, difficult to install
Metal	Lightweight, easy to install	Expensive, can rust

4. Connect the well head to the well casing. The casing is the pipe that lines the well. The well head should be connected to the casing using a watertight seal.

5. Backfill the hole around the well head. The backfill material should be compacted to prevent settling.

Assembling the Drill Rig

Once you’ve gathered your materials, it’s time to assemble the drill rig. While the exact steps may vary depending on the model, here’s a general rundown of the process:

1. Connect the Drive Unit to the Mast

Align the drive unit with the mast and secure it using the provided bolts and nuts. Ensure a snug fit without any excessive play.

2. Install the Auger

Insert the auger into the chuck of the drive unit and tighten the chuck firmly. Select an auger bit that is appropriate for the diameter and depth of the well you plan to dig.

3. Attach the Feed Handle

Connect the feed handle to the top of the mast. This handle allows you to apply downward pressure on the auger while drilling.

4. Set Up the Support System

This is a crucial step for safety and stability. Construct a tripod or A-frame structure around the drill rig to prevent it from tipping over during operation. Secure the structure firmly to the ground using stakes or anchors.

The support system should be robust enough to withstand the expected weight and torque produced by the drill rig. Ensure that the legs are evenly spaced and firmly anchored in the ground.

Component	Description
Tripod or A-frame	Structural frame that supports the drill rig
Legs	Support beams that provide stability
Anchors or Stakes	Devices that secure the legs to the ground

Drilling the Well Hole

1. Choose a Drilling Site

Select a location with good drainage, away from potential sources of contamination.

2. Determine the Depth and Diameter

The depth and diameter of the well will depend on the required water supply and local geology.

3. Choose a Drilling Method

Common drilling methods include rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and auger drilling.

4. Set Up the Drilling Rig

Secure the drilling rig and align it over the desired drilling site.

5. Drill the Well Hole

This step involves rotating or hammering a drill bit into the ground to create the well hole. The following substeps provide additional details:

a. Setting the Casing

Steel or plastic casing is inserted into the hole as it is drilled to prevent collapse and protect the well from contamination.

b. Periodic Bail-Outs

Drill cuttings and debris are periodically removed from the hole using a bailer or air compressor to maintain drilling progress.

c. Monitoring Drilling Progress

Drilling parameters such as penetration rate, drill bit torque, and groundwater flow are monitored to optimize drilling efficiency and ensure a successful well.

d. Drilling the Pilot Hole

An initial hole of smaller diameter is drilled to the desired depth, followed by drilling the main well hole to the required diameter.

e. Setting the Screen

A screen is installed at the bottom of the well to prevent sand and sediment from entering the water supply.

f. Backfilling and Sealing

The annular space around the casing is backfilled with gravel or cement to create a stable and sealed well structure.

Installing the Well Casing

The well casing is a pipe that is installed into the borehole to protect it from collapse and to isolate the water from the surrounding soil. The casing is typically made of steel, PVC, or fiberglass, and it is available in a variety of diameters and lengths. The diameter of the casing should be large enough to allow for the installation of a submersible pump and other equipment, and it should be long enough to extend from the bottom of the borehole to a point above the ground surface.

The following steps are involved in installing the well casing:

1. Insert the casing into the borehole.

The casing is inserted into the borehole by hand or using a crane. The casing should be inserted slowly and carefully to avoid damaging the borehole.

2. Drive the casing into the ground.

The casing is driven into the ground using a well driver. The well driver is a machine that hammers the casing into the ground. The casing should be driven until it reaches the desired depth.

3. Grout the casing.

Grout is a mixture of cement and water that is used to seal the space between the casing and the borehole. The grout is poured into the borehole around the casing. The grout hardens and forms a seal that prevents water from entering the borehole from the surrounding soil.

4. Install the well cap.

The well cap is a device that is installed on the top of the casing to protect the well from contamination. The well cap should be made of a durable material, such as steel or PVC, and it should be designed to prevent water from entering the well from the surface.

5. Install the well pump.

The well pump is a device that is used to pump water from the well. The well pump is installed inside the casing. The pump is connected to the well cap by a pipe.

6. Connect the well to the plumbing system.

The well is connected to the plumbing system by a pipe. The pipe is connected to the well cap by a fitting. The pipe is then run to the house or other building where the water will be used.

Step	Description
1	Insert the casing into the borehole.
2	Drive the casing into the ground.
3	Grout the casing.
4	Install the well cap.
5	Install the well pump.
6	Connect the well to the plumbing system.

Developing the Well

Once the well has been dug, it needs to be developed to improve its performance. Here are the steps involved:

1. Removing Debris

Use a pump or bucket to remove any loose debris, such as sand or silt, from the bottom of the well.

2. Surge Block

Insert a surge block (a weighted object attached to a cable) into the well and repeatedly raise and lower it to loosen any compacted material.

3. Bailer

Use a bailer (a cylindrical container with a valve at the bottom) to retrieve the loosened material from the well.

4. Development Pump

Install a submersible pump or jet pump to pump water from the well continuously for several hours.

5. Water Clearing

As the water is pumped, observe its clarity. When the water runs clear, the development is complete.

6. Well Casing

Install a well casing (a pipe inserted into the hole) to prevent the well walls from collapsing and to keep out surface contaminants.

7. Screen

A well screen is a perforated section of the casing that allows water to enter the well while preventing sand and gravel from entering.

Type of Screen	Purpose
Continuous-Slot Screen	Allows water to enter over the entire screen length
V-Wire Screen	Utilizes V-shaped wires to create openings
Louvre Screen	Features horizontal louvre openings for strength

Water Testing and Analysis

Importance

Water testing is crucial to ensure the safety and quality of your well water. Regular analysis can detect potential contaminants, protect your health, and comply with local regulations.

Types of Tests

Biological Tests:

* Coliform bacteria: Indicates fecal contamination and potential disease risk.
* E. coli: A specific strain of coliform that can cause severe illness.
* Total aerobic bacteria: Measures the overall bacterial population, indicating general well cleanliness.

Chemical Tests:

* pH: Determines acidity or alkalinity of water, affecting taste, corrosion, and solubility.
* Hardness: Measures dissolved minerals (calcium and magnesium), which can impact soap effectiveness and pipe scaling.
* Iron and manganese: Can cause discoloration and metallic taste in water, affecting aesthetics and appliance performance.
* Nitrates and nitrites: Indicators of fertilizer contamination and potential health hazards.
* Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Chemicals released from industrial processes or solvents, which can pose health risks.

Physical Tests:

* Turbidity: Measures cloudiness or suspended particles, indicating sediment or contamination.
* Color: Assesses the presence of dissolved substances or organic matter.
* Odor: Detects unpleasant smells that may indicate contamination or mineral presence.

Frequency

The frequency of water testing depends on factors such as well location, usage, and potential contamination risks. For domestic wells, annual testing is generally recommended, especially after heavy rainfall or flooding.

Interpretation

Test results should be compared to established standards to determine if the water is safe for consumption. If any contaminants exceed acceptable levels, further investigation and remediation may be necessary.

Cost

The cost of water testing varies depending on the number of tests performed and the laboratory used. Basic tests can range from $20 to $100, while more comprehensive analyses can cost up to $500 or more.

Reporting

Laboratories typically provide a detailed report outlining test results, recommendations, and any necessary follow-up actions. Keep all reports for future reference and to track changes in water quality over time.

Pump Installation and Setup

9. Install the Pump and Pipes

Begin by placing the pump in the well casing. Ensure it is positioned at the recommended depth according to the pump type. Submersible pumps should be submerged in water, while above-ground pumps should be installed just below the water surface.

Next, connect the outlet pipe to the pump discharge port. Use appropriate sealant or tape to ensure a watertight seal. Install the check valve on the outlet pipe to prevent water from flowing back into the well when the pump is off.

Attach the pressure tank to the outlet pipe. The pressure tank acts as a water reservoir and helps maintain constant water pressure in the system. Connect the water supply lines to the pressure tank and run them to the desired locations in the home or property.

Finally, connect the electrical cables to the pump and the power source. Ensure that all wiring is done according to code and that the circuit is protected by a circuit breaker or fuse.

Once the pump and pipes are installed, prime the pump by pouring water into the inlet pipe until water flows out of the outlet pipe. This process removes air from the system and allows the pump to operate efficiently.

Pump Type	Placement
Submersible Pump	Submerged in water
Above-Ground Pump	Installed just below the water surface

Wellhead Protection and Maintenance

Maintaining a safe and reliable well requires proper protection and maintenance of the wellhead.

Location and Protection

The wellhead should be located in a convenient and accessible area. It should be protected from potential damage by animals, vehicles, and vandalism. A wellhead cover or casing can be installed to prevent contamination and damage.

Structure and Integrity

The wellhead should be constructed of durable materials that can withstand the weight of the casing and pumping equipment. It should be watertight and free of any leaks or cracks. Regular inspections are necessary to ensure its structural integrity.

Well Cap and Seal

A well cap or seal should be installed on the wellhead to prevent water contamination from surface water, debris, and insects. The cap should be securely fastened and checked periodically for proper fit and operation.

Vegetation Management

Vegetation around the wellhead should be managed to prevent roots from damaging the casing or attracting pests. A clear area of at least 5 feet around the wellhead is recommended.

Disinfection and Chlorination

Regular disinfection of the wellhead is crucial to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. Chlorine or other disinfectants can be used to kill microorganisms. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully for proper application and dosage.

Pressure Monitoring

A pressure gauge can be installed on the wellhead to monitor water pressure. Changes in water pressure can indicate potential problems with the well, such as leaks or clogging.

Casing Inspection and Repair

The well casing should be inspected periodically for signs of corrosion, damage, or leaks. Any necessary repairs should be made promptly to maintain the integrity of the well.

Pump Maintenance

The well pump should be serviced according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Regular maintenance includes cleaning, lubrication, and replacement of worn or damaged parts.

Water Quality Testing

Regular water quality testing is essential to ensure the safety of the water for drinking and other uses. Tests should include parameters such as bacteria, pH, and dissolved solids.

Record Keeping

Detailed records of all maintenance activities, repairs, and water quality test results should be kept for reference and future troubleshooting.

How To Dig A Well

Digging a well is a great way to access clean, fresh water for your home or property. However, it’s important to do it correctly to ensure the safety and quality of your water. Here are the steps on how to dig a well:

1. Choose a location for your well. The best location is one that is away from any potential sources of contamination, such as septic tanks, manure piles, or chemical storage areas. It should also be in a location that is convenient for access and maintenance.

2. Determine the depth of your well. The depth of your well will depend on the depth of the water table in your area. You can find this information by contacting your local well driller or by checking with the state water well database.

3. Dig the well. The most common method of digging a well is to use a backhoe or excavator. However, you can also dig a well by hand if you have the time and patience.

4. Install the well casing. The well casing is a pipe that lines the well and protects it from collapse. The casing should be made of a durable material, such as steel or plastic, and it should be installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

5. Install the well screen. The well screen is a perforated pipe that allows water to enter the well while keeping out dirt and debris. The screen should be made of a durable material, such as stainless steel, and it should be installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

6. Install the well pump. The well pump is a device that pumps water from the well to the surface. The pump should be sized according to the needs of your home or property, and it should be installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions.